Downwards and upwards spread the branches of it, nourished by the qualities; the objects of the senses its buds; and its roots grow downwards, the bonds of action in the world of men.
In plain words: Krishna says the tree's branches spread up and down, fed by the three qualities. The things we see, hear and taste are its buds. Its roots also reach down into the human world, where they tie people to their actions.